Climate-Smart Agriculture: A Review of Practices, Challenges, and Future Prospects

Abstract

Climate-Smart Agriculture (CSA) has emerged as a strategic approach to sustainably increase agricultural productivity, enhance resilience to climate change, and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. This review synthesizes current knowledge on CSA practices, including conservation agriculture, integrated soil fertility management, agroforestry, water harvesting, and precision farming, highlighting their role in promoting food security and environmental sustainability. The study also examines key challenges hindering widespread adoption of CSA, such as limited access to technology, inadequate institutional support, high implementation costs, and gaps in farmers’ awareness and capacity. Furthermore, it discusses the socio-economic and policy dimensions critical for effective scaling of CSA, particularly in developing countries where smallholder farmers are most vulnerable. The review underscores the need for robust research, innovative financing mechanisms, participatory extension services, and supportive policies to overcome these barriers. Future prospects emphasize the integration of digital technologies, climate forecasting tools, and multi-stakeholder collaboration to enhance CSA adoption. By aligning agricultural practices with climate adaptation and mitigation goals, CSA presents a pathway toward resilient and sustainable food systems in the face of a changing climate.